International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

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HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT BLACKGRASS
(Alopecurus myosuroides)


PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Switzerland
INTRODUCTION BLACKGRASS
Blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family.  In Switzerland this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1997 and infests Wheat, and Winter barley.   Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ).  Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to chlorotoluron, and isoproturon and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

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QUIK STATS (last updated Aug 11, 2021 )

Common NameBlackgrass
SpeciesAlopecurus myosuroides
GroupPSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicideschlorotoluron, and isoproturon
LocationSwitzerland
Year1997
Situation(s)Wheat, and Winter barley
Contributors - (Alphabetically)Christian Bohren, and Fred Tschuy 
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Christian Bohren
A field trial 1997 at Grenchen (SO): Winterwheat, field treatments: - 1500 g a.i. Isoproturon/ha - untreated : From each plot (4rep) 20 samples of seeds of single ALOMY plant have been collected. In the greenhouse all seeds were planted into small pots; half of them treated in 2-3 leaf st. with 2000 g a.i. IPU/ha, the other half treated with 240 g a.i. Fenoxapropethyl/ha Results of greenhouse trial in 1998: field treatment IPU --> 33 % surviving IPU treatment in greenhouse field nontreated --> 25 % surviving IPU treatment in greenhouse 0 % surviving fenoxaprop treatment in greenhouse. Farmers observed a better efficacy of IPU against grass weeds in mixture with other herbicides (e.g. carfentrazone, triasulfuron, diflufenican).

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SERIOUSNESS

Christian Bohren
ALOMY is found in large numbers where wheat is grown and IPU is used intensively. In CH are more areas with reduced efficacy of IPU against ALOMY: - near Grenchen (resistance confirmed) - near Frick (not confirmed) - near Andelfingen (not confirmed) and others It is not easy to say in which areas IPU resistance of ALOMY is present, but it is easy to say that efficacy of IPU against ALOMY is decreasing. Since IPU is still in use the infested area is probably increasing

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Blackgrass biotype with this Blackgrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.
 
Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Blackgrass have not been reported to the site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Blackgrass from Switzerland indicate that resistance is due to enhanced metabolism.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes.  If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Blackgrass from Switzerland please update the database.
 
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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

CHRISTIAN BOHREN
Swiss Federal Research Station For Plant Production
Service De Malherbologie
119 Extension Hall
Nyon 1, CH 1260
Switzerland
Email Christian Bohren
FRED TSCHUY
Technical scientist
Agroscope Institute for Plant Production
Plant Protection for Field Crops and Viticulture/Oenology
Route de Duillier 50
Nyon, CH-1260, Vaud
Switzerland
Email Fred Tschuy
Web   : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Switzerland have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Christian Bohren, and Fred Tschuy for providing detailed information.
Herbicide Resistant Blackgrass Globally
(Alopecurus myosuroides)
Herbicide Resistant Blackgrass Globally
(Alopecurus myosuroides)
Drag a column header and drop it here to group by that column
Herbicide Resistant Blackgrass Globally
(Alopecurus myosuroides)
#CountryFirstYearSituationActive IngredientsSite of Action
1 BelgiumBelgium 1996 Winter wheat clodinafop-propargyl, and fenoxaprop-ethyl 3 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass501
2 BelgiumBelgium 1996 Wheat isoproturon 3 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass502
3 BelgiumBelgium 1996 Winter wheat atrazine, chlorotoluron, clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, pendimethalin, and propaquizafop 3 Multiple Resistance: 4 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5043
4 Czech RepublicCzech Republic 2008 Wheat chlorsulfuron 12 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass7871
5 DenmarkDenmark 2001 Winter wheat fenoxaprop-ethyl 13 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5347
6 DenmarkDenmark 2001 Winter wheat clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, fenoxaprop-ethyl, florasulam, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, pendimethalin, and pyroxsulam 13 Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5675
7 FranceFrance 1993 Wheat clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, haloxyfop-methyl, and sethoxydim 17 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass546
8 FranceFrance 2003 Wheat clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and sethoxydim 17 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass17116
9 FranceFrance 2006 Wheat imazamethabenz-methyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and mesosulfuron-methyl 17 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5329
10 FranceFrance 2020 Cereals, and Rapeseed flufenacet, and prosulfocarb 17 Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors ( HRAC Group 15 (Legacy K3 N)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass29267
11 FranceFrance 2022 Wheat glyphosate 17 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass29265
12 GermanyGermany 1983 Sugar beets, and Wheat chlorotoluron, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and isoproturon 18 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass369
13 GermanyGermany 2001 Wheat flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na 18 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5154
14 GermanyGermany 2003 Sugar beets, and Winter wheat clethodim, cycloxydim, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and fluazifop-butyl 18 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5237
15 GermanyGermany 2007 Wheat chlorotoluron, fenoxaprop-ethyl, flufenacet, isoproturon, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pinoxaden 18 Multiple Resistance: 4 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors ( HRAC Group 15 (Legacy K3 N)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5361
16 GermanyGermany 2009 Cereals cycloxydim, fenoxaprop-ethyl, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pinoxaden 18 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5536
17 IrelandIreland 2021 Wheat cycloxydim, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and propaquizafop 81 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass21236
18 IsraelIsrael 1979 Roadsides methabenzthiazuron 23 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass94
19 ItalyItaly 2009 Durum wheat clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and pinoxaden 24 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5681
20 NetherlandsNetherlands 1989 Wheat chlorotoluron 43 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass221
21 NetherlandsNetherlands 1996 Winter wheat chlorotoluron, clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and isoproturon 43 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5082
22 NetherlandsNetherlands 1999 Winter wheat clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and penoxsulam 43 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5083
23 NetherlandsNetherlands 2010 Winter wheat florasulam, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam 43 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass10978
24 PolandPoland 2010 Winter wheat iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and mesosulfuron-methyl 33 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5620
25 PolandPoland 2011 Winter wheat fenoxaprop-ethyl, and pinoxaden 33 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass6760
26 PolandPoland 2012 Winter wheat fenoxaprop-ethyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, pinoxaden, and sulfometuron-methyl 33 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass10969
27 SpainSpain 1991 Wheat chlorotoluron 38 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass188
28 SpainSpain 2015 Canola, Faba beans, Peas, Wheat, and Winter barley chlorotoluron, clodinafop-propargyl, cloransulam-methyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, isoproturon, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pinoxaden 38 Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass11014
29 SwedenSweden 2011 Winter wheat clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, and fenoxaprop-ethyl 40 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass8911
30 SwedenSweden 2011 Wheat fenoxaprop-ethyl, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, prosulfocarb, and pyroxsulam 40 Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors ( HRAC Group 15 (Legacy K3 N)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass8912
31 SwedenSweden 2014 Spring wheat, Winter barley, and Winter wheat cycloxydim, fenoxaprop-ethyl, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam 40 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass10995
32 SwitzerlandSwitzerland 1997 Wheat, and Winter barley chlorotoluron, and isoproturon 41 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass1132
33 SwitzerlandSwitzerland 2019 Wheat, and Winter barley chlorotoluron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and quizalofop-ethyl 41 Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass20228
34 TurkeyTurkey 2001 Wheat clodinafop-propargyl 71 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5116
35 TurkeyTurkey 2008 clodinafop-propargyl, and pyroxsulam 71 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5403
36 United KingdomUnited Kingdom 1982 Canola, Cereals, and Wheat clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-butyl, pinoxaden, quizalofop-ethyl, and sethoxydim 44 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass357
37 United KingdomUnited Kingdom 1982 Cereals chlorotoluron, and isoproturon 44 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass507
38 United KingdomUnited Kingdom 1984 Wheat chlorsulfuron, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, imazamethabenz-methyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, propoxycarbazone-Na, and pyroxsulam 44 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass323
39 United KingdomUnited Kingdom 1987 Wheat pendimethalin 44 Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass329
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