International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

Countries Weeds Herbicides Mutations Graphs References Researchers
MULTIPLE RESISTANT CORN POPPY
(Papaver rhoeas)


Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Spain
INTRODUCTION CORN POPPY
Corn Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) is a dicot weed in the Papaveraceae family.  In Spain this weed first evolved multiple resistance (to 2 herbicide sites of action) in 1993 and infests Cereals, and Wheat.  Multiple resistance has evolved to herbicides in the Groups 2 (Legacy B), and Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O).  These particular biotypes are known to have resistance to 2,4-D, and tribenuron-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other herbicides in the Groups 2 (Legacy B), and Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O).

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

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QUIK STATS (last updated Jan 10, 2003 )

Common NameCorn Poppy
SpeciesPapaver rhoeas
GroupInhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
Herbicides2,4-D, and tribenuron-methyl
LocationSpain
Year1993
Situation(s)Cereals, and Wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)Alicia Cirujeda, and Andreu Taberner 
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Alicia Cirujeda
Alguaire (Lleida) (Northeastern Spain). Northeastern (Catalonia) and North (Castilla Leon and Navarra) of Spain.

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CONTROL STRATEGIES

Alicia Cirujeda
Herbicide control of resistant Papaver rhoeas L. to tribemiron and 2,4-D.

Alicia Cirujeda, Ramon Tarrago,  Jordi Recasens, Andreu Tabener

During the cropping season 1998/99, four field experiments were conducted in winter cereal fields with a high infestation of resistant Papaver rhoeas in Catalonia (North-eastern Spain). Two fields had resistant poppies to both herbicides and two had poppies resistant to tribenuron but susceptible to 2,4-D. Seventeen combinations of pre- and early and late post-emergence herbicides were tested. The experiments were designed in three blocks containing the randomly distributed 10 m2 pots. Application was done with an AZO sprayer. Evaluations were done counting living plants in a square meter three times in each plot every fortnight after treatment, and Abbot efficacy of each evaluation was calculated. The pre-emergence herbicides tested had high efficacy in all the tested fields where they were applied: pendimethalin (1.65 L a.i. ha-1, trifluralin + linuron (0.72 L a.i. ha-1 + 0.36La.i. ha-1) and trifluralin + chlortoluron (0.72 L a.i. ha-1.+-l.25 L a.i. ha-1)... No phytotoxicity on the cereals was detected in any case. In early post-emergence, the most effective group was the HBNs. The mixtures containing bromoxynil gave a high control in all fields, followed by the mixtures containing ioxinil. Diflufenican in mixture with MCPA (0.0375 + 0.375 L a.i. ha-1) gave good results in three locations. Isoproturon + diflufenican (1.35 + 0.126 L a.i. ha-1) controlled P. rhoeas at two locations only. Good control was achieved with tribenuron + metribuzin (0.015 + 0.07 g a.i. ha-1) and with triclopyr + chlortoluron (0.48 + 1.25 L a.i. ha-1) at also two locations. Terbutryn + triasulfuron (0.297 + 0.03 L a.i. ha-1) had high efficacy in only one location. In late post-emergence, 2,4-D (0.6 L a.i. ha-1) gave good control only at the two susceptible fields to this herbicide. The mixture 2,4-D with florasulam (0.3 + 0.00625 L a.i. ha-1) was effective at the same two sites only. Dicamba at 0.192 L a.i. ha-1 gave high control at two locations only. A short-term control of the herbicide resistance of P. rhoeas to tribenuron and to 2,4-D seems possible with chemical methods, especially by using HBN's or pre-emergence herbicides.

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GENERAL

Andreu Taberner
These 2,4-D resistant corn poppy populations are found in the Northeastern (Catalonia) and North (Castilla Leon and Navarra) of Spain. Fortunately they remain susceptible to ioxinil and bromoxynil.

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ONGOING RESEARCH

Vaya Kati

KATI V, SCARABEL L, THIERY-LANFRANCHI D, KIOLEOGLOU V, LIBEROPOULOU S, & DELYE C (2019). Multiple resistance ofPapaver rhoeas L. to 2,4-D and acetolactate synthase inhibitors in four European countries. Weed Research 59, 367–376.

Summary

The issue of cross- or multiple resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors and the auxinic herbicide 2,4-D was investigated in Papaver rhoeas L., a common and troublesome weed in winter cereals, in a broad-scale study across four European countries. A combination of herbicide sensitivity bioassays and molecular assays targeting mutations involved in resistance was conducted on 27 populations of P. rhoeas originating from Greece (9), Italy (5), France (10) and Spain (3). Plants resistant to the field rate of 2,4-D were observed in 25 of the 27 populations assayed, in frequencies ranging from 5% to 85%. Plants resistant to ALS-inhibiting herbicides (sulfonylureas) were present in 24 of the 27 populations, in frequencies ranging from 4% to 100%. Plants resistant to 2,4-D co-occurred with plants resistant to sulfonylureas in 23 populations. In four of these, the probability of presence of plants with cross- or multiple resistance to 2,4D and sulfonylureas was higher than 0.5. ALS genotyping of plants from the field populations or of their progenies, identified ALS alleles carrying a mutation at codon Pro197 or Trp574 in 2,4-D-sensitive and in 2,4-D-resistant plants. The latter case confirmed multiple resistance to 2,4-D and ALS inhibitors at the level of individual plants in all four countries investigated. This study is the first to identify individual plants with multiple resistance in P. rhoeas, an attribute rarely assessed in other weed species, but one with significant implications in designing chemical control strategies.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Corn Poppy biotype with this Corn Poppy biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.
 
Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2, 4 resistant Corn Poppy have not been reported to the site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database.  If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.
 
Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes.  If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of multiple resistant Corn Poppy from Spain please update the database.
 
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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

ALICIA CIRUJEDA
Unidad de Sanidad Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología
Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA)
Avda. Montañana 930
Zaragoza, 50059 , Aragon
Spain
Email Alicia Cirujeda
ANDREU TABERNER
University of Lleida
Secció De Malherbologia
Servicio Proteccisn Vegetales
PO Box 619
Lleida, 25198, Aragon
Spain
Email Andreu Taberner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Spain have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Alicia Cirujeda, and Andreu Taberner for providing detailed information.
Herbicide Resistant Corn Poppy Globally
(Papaver rhoeas)
Herbicide Resistant Corn Poppy Globally
(Papaver rhoeas)
Drag a column header and drop it here to group by that column
Herbicide Resistant Corn Poppy Globally
(Papaver rhoeas)
#CountryFirstYearSituationActive IngredientsSite of Action
1 BelgiumBelgium 2014 Wheat florasulam, and metsulfuron-methyl 3 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
123Papaver rhoeasCorn Poppy10960
2 DenmarkDenmark 2003 Wheat florasulam, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and tribenuron-methyl 13 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
123Papaver rhoeasCorn Poppy5346
3 FranceFrance 2007 Wheat iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and metsulfuron-methyl 17 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
123Papaver rhoeasCorn Poppy5517
4 FranceFrance 2015 Wheat 2,4-D, and aminopyralid 17 Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
123Papaver rhoeasCorn Poppy18176
5 FranceFrance 2016 Cereals 2,4-D, aminopyralid, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, MCPA, mesosulfuron-methyl, and metsulfuron-methyl 17 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
123Papaver rhoeasCorn Poppy15054
6 GermanyGermany 2012 Cereals, and Rapeseed florasulam, and imazamox 18 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
123Papaver rhoeasCorn Poppy6743
7 GreeceGreece 1998 Winter wheat chlorsulfuron, florasulam, imazamox, pyrithiobac-sodium, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron, and tribenuron-methyl 19 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
123Papaver rhoeasCorn Poppy1142
8 GreeceGreece 2002 Wheat 2,4-D, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and mesosulfuron-methyl 19 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
123Papaver rhoeasCorn Poppy18174
9 ItalyItaly 1998 Durum wheat florasulam, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and tribenuron-methyl 24 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
123Papaver rhoeasCorn Poppy1140
10 ItalyItaly 1998 Wheat 2,4-D, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and tribenuron-methyl 24 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
123Papaver rhoeasCorn Poppy5679
11 ItalyItaly 1998 Wheat 2,4-D 24 Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
123Papaver rhoeasCorn Poppy5680
12 PolandPoland 2014 Winter wheat tribenuron-methyl 33 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
123Papaver rhoeasCorn Poppy10983
13 PortugalPortugal 2018 Wheat 2,4-D, and tribenuron-methyl 34 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
123Papaver rhoeasCorn Poppy28267
14 PortugalPortugal 2018 Wheat tribenuron-methyl 34 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
123Papaver rhoeasCorn Poppy28271
15 SpainSpain 1993 Cereals, and Wheat 2,4-D, and tribenuron-methyl 38 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
123Papaver rhoeasCorn Poppy185
16 SwedenSweden 2011 Winter wheat amidosulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and propoxycarbazone-Na 40 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
123Papaver rhoeasCorn Poppy8913
17 United KingdomUnited Kingdom 2001 Cereals metsulfuron-methyl 44 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
123Papaver rhoeasCorn Poppy5169
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