<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Lindernia micrantha from Japan

International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

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Sunday, December 22, 2024

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT AZETOGARASHI (JAPANESE)
(Lindernia micrantha)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Japan, Yamagata

INTRODUCTION		AZETOGARASHI (JAPANESE)
Azetogarashi (Japanese) (Lindernia micrantha) is a dicot weed in the Scrophulariaceae family. In Japan this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 1996 and infests Rice. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to bensulfuron-methyl, ethoxysulfuron, imazosulfuron, and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Dec 28, 2013 )
Common Name	Azetogarashi (Japanese)
Species	Lindernia micrantha
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	bensulfuron-methyl, ethoxysulfuron, imazosulfuron, and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl
Location	Japan, Yamagata
Year	1996
Situation(s)	Rice
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Kazuyuki Itoh
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Kazuyuki Itoh

Yamagata Prefecture, Akita Prefecture.

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GENERAL

Kazuyuki Itoh

Itoh et al.1997. Now writing English paper.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Azetogarashi (Japanese) biotype with this Azetogarashi (Japanese) biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Azetogarashi (Japanese) have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Azetogarashi (Japanese) from Japan please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

KAZUYUKI ITOH

Professor Kobe University Graduate School of Agricultural Science １-１ Rokkodaicho Kobe, 657-0013, Hyogo Japan Email Kazuyuki Itoh

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Japan have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Kazuyuki Itoh for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Azetogarashi (Japanese) Globally
(Lindernia micrantha)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Japan

1996

Rice

bensulfuron-methyl, ethoxysulfuron, imazosulfuron, and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Uchino, A. ; Watanabe, H.. 2007. In vivo assay of acetolactate synthase in different tissues of different developmental stages in several paddy weeds, Lindernia spp. and Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus. Journal of Weed Science and Technology 52 : 11 - 16.

This experiment was conducted in Akita prefecture, Japan, in 2003, to determine the appropriate plant tissues for SU herbicide tolerant biotype test on Lindernia spp. and Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus. Various parts and developmental stages of the plants were examined to reveal the differences of ALS activity, and also the effects of added pyruvic acid were examined. Seeds of Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Borbas, L. dubia (L.) var. major Pennell, L. micrantha D.Don and Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus were collected from Daisen city, Akita prefecture, and the seeds of L. dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia were collected from Shizukuishi town, Iwate prefecture. The Lindernia spp. were grown in a temperature-controlled room of 25 °C with 15 hours artificial light per day, and Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus were grown outside. The samples taken were: the plants of 9th to 15th leaf stage (Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Borbas, L. dubia (L.) var. major Pennell and L. dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia); the plants of 9th to 12th leaf stage (L. micrantha D.Don); and 4 to 14 weeks old plants of Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus. All the samples were examined by using in vivo assay method. The results showed that the highest ALS activity values of Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Borbas, L. dubia (L.) var. major Pennell and L. dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia were found in cane tops regardless of their developmental stage. In L. micrantha D.Don, the cane top of 9th leaf stage showed a high ALS activity. In Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus, stable ALS activity was found in top part of mature scapes. The results also showed that adding pyruvic acid to treatment solution of SU herbicide tolerant biotype test stabilized the results..

Uchino, A. ; Watanabe, H.. 2002. Mutations in the acetolactate synthase genes of sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes of Lindernia spp. Weed Biology and Management 2 : 104 - 109.

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) is a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of branched-chain amino acids. A mutation of the ALS gene causing amino acid substitution at the position of proline in Domain A makes ALS less sensitive to sulfonylureas, which are ALS-inhibiting herbicides. We cloned partial ALS genes from four Lindernia plants, L. dubia var. dubia, dubia var. major, L. micrantha, and L. procumbens, for which biotypes resistant to sulfonylureas have been found in paddy fields. The clones were classified into two groups in each Lindernia plant: Als1 and Als2. Sequencing of the clones and alignment of deduced amino acid sequences with previously reported ALS of other species suggested that the cloned region contains an intron in both Als1 and Als2. The comparison of Als1 between resistant and susceptible biotypes showed that the proline of Domain A was replaced by alanine, serine, or glutamine in all resistant biotypes of Lindernia plants, while it was conserved in all susceptible biotypes. This amino acid substitution in ALS encoded by Als1 is involved in the resistant mechanism of ALS to sulfonylurea in the four Lindernia plants..

Uchino, A. ; Watanabe, H. ; Wang GuangXi ; Itoh, K.. 1999. Light requirement in rapid diagnosis of sulfonylurea-resistant weeds of Lindernia spp. (Scrophulariaceae). Weed Technology 13 : 680 - 684.

In order to develop appropriate control methods for sulfonylurea-resistant Lindernia spp., a rapid method for diagnosing sulfonylurea-resistance was improved and applied to common false pimpernel (L. procumbens), two varieties of low false pimpernel (L. dubia var. dubia and var. major), and azetogarashi (L. micrantha). Illumination was found to be crucial for diagnosis in Lindernia spp., and treatment with 7.5 or 75 ng ai/ml thifensulfuron-methyl produced clear results..

Shibaike, H. ; Itoh, K. ; Uchino, A.. 1999. Genetic variation and relationships of herbicide-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of Lindernia micrantha. : 197 - 202.

The process of resistance evolution to acetolactate synthase-inhibitors in L. micrantha populations was investigated. The genetic variability of 12 populations from Japan was analysed using inter-simple sequence repeat markers. The results indicated that populations of resistant biotypes contained less variation than those of susceptible biotypes, and that in some cases the populations of resistant biotypes were nested in the susceptible populations. It is concluded that multiple founding events of resistant biotypes occurred in L. micrantha populations in Japan..

Itoh, K. ; Wang, G. X. ; Ohba, S.. 1999. Sulfonylurea resistance in Lindernia micrantha, an annual paddy weed in Japan. Weed Research (Oxford) 39 : 413 - 423.

Resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides, including bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, imazosulfuron and ethoxysulfuron, was discovered in naturally occurring populations of Lindernia micrantha in rice fields that had been treated with sulfonylurea-based herbicides for 3-7 consecutive years. The resistant biotype was approximately 80-300 times more resistant than the susceptible one to the 4 sulfonylurea herbicides. This is the second confirmed occurrence of herbicide resistance resulting from the use of sulfonylurea herbicides in Japan. Several herbicides with different modes of action, including pretilachlor, cafenstrole, bifenox, naproanilide, thiobencarb + simetryn + MCPB, MCPA-thioethyl + simetryn and cyhalofop-butyl + bentazone, effectively controlled the resistant biotype in pot trials..

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