<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Centaurea cyanus from Poland

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT CORNFLOWER
(Centaurea cyanus)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Poland, North East region

INTRODUCTION		CORNFLOWER
Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family. In Poland this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 2010 and infests Winter wheat. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to chlorsulfuron, imazapyr, sulfometuron-methyl, and tribenuron-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Mar 31, 2015 )
Common Name	Cornflower
Species	Centaurea cyanus
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	chlorsulfuron, imazapyr, sulfometuron-methyl, and tribenuron-methyl
Location	Poland, North East region
Year	2010
Situation(s)	Winter wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Kazimierz Adamczewski, and Roman Kierzek
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Kazimierz Adamczewski

Adamczewski K., R. Kierzek. 2010. Chaber blawatek (Centaurea cyanus L.) odpornej na inhibitory ALS (herbicydy sulfonylomocznikowe). (Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L) cross resistance on ALS inhibitors). Prog. Plant Protection/Post. Ochr. Roslin 50/1: 287-290. (in Polish, summery in English).

Adamczewski K., Kierzek R. 2011. Mechanizm odpornosci chabra blawatka (Centurea cyanus L) na herbicydy sulfonylomocznikowe. (Mechanism of resistance on acetylolactate synyhase (ALS of Centaurea cyanus L. biotypes cross-resistant) Prog. Plant Protection/Post. Ochr. Roslin 51/1: 317–324. (in Polish, summery in English).

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GENERAL

Kazimierz Adamczewski

In the years 2007-2010 28 samples of seeds were collected from the field were farmer got problem with control Cornflower. Susceptible biotype was used as standard Two four replication greenhouse experiments was done.
At first experiment in one dose of two herbicides: tribenuron methyl and chlorsulfuron. And on selected 5 biotypes secend type experiment was done.
At secend experiment tribenuron methyl, sulfometuron and imazapyr each in 7 deference dose were used, (low and high dose). For each treatment four pot were used as four replication. And 4 weeks after treatment, the plants were cut at the soil surface and their fresh weight was determined. Statistical analysis of date from greenhouse experiments was performed.
In two sites one year field trials with tribenuron methyl and chlorsulfuron used with 4 dose were also determined

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MECHANISM

Kazimierz Adamczewski

Mechanism of resistance for three biotypes is target site resistant Pro-197 and two of those got also Tri-574, and for two (populations) is unknown. ((Each biotype become from difference field and distance between the fields are about 5 to 20 km)

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Cornflower biotype with this Cornflower biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Cornflower have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Cornflower from Poland indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Cornflower from Poland please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

KAZIMIERZ ADAMCZEWSKI

Professor Institute Of Plant Protection - National Research Institute Depart. Of Weed Science Str. Wladyslawa Wegorka 20 Poznań, 60-318, Poznań Poland Email Kazimierz Adamczewski

ROMAN KIERZEK

Research Scientist National Research Institute Institute of Plant Protection - Weed Science Department Wladyslawa Wegorka 20 Poznan, 60-318, Poznań Poland Email Roman Kierzek

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Poland have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Kazimierz Adamczewski, and Roman Kierzek for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Cornflower Globally
(Centaurea cyanus)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Poland

2010

Winter wheat

chlorsulfuron, imazapyr, sulfometuron-methyl, and tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Poland

2012

Winter wheat

dicamba

Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Adamczewski, K. ; Kierzek, R.. 2010. Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) cross resistant on ALS inhibitors. Progress in Plant Protection 50 : 285 - 290.

The intensive use of acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors for crop protection caused in many cases weed resistance to these herbicides. Resistant to sulfonylureas biotypes of cornflower appeared in Poland. During 2006-2009 seeds of cornflower were collected from 15 field were farmers informed that after using herbicides the control of this weed was very poor. These collected seeds were used at greenhouse experiments. Collected biotypes were compared with susceptible biotype from Experimental Station Strzeszyn near Poznan´. Obtained data from the experiments indicated that two tested biotypes of C. cyanus were cross-resistant with two ALS inhibiting herbicides tribenuron methyl and chlorsulfuron. The calculation for dose-response curve and resistance index ED50 indicated that the level of resistance of these biotypes was high..

Marczewska, K. ; Rola, H. ; Sadowski, J.. 2007. Free amino acids as an index of weeds resistance to chlorsulfuron. Progress in Plant Protection 47 : 199 - 205.

One of the negative aspects of the intensive use of herbicides is related to the selection of resistant weed biotypes. Of all biotypes resistant to herbicides, 95 species do not respond to sulfonylurea herbicides (acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides). The ALS enzyme is the first step in the biosynthesis of a branch chain amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine). In Poland, the problem of resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides has been discussed since 2001. Resistance tests of Apera spica-venti and Centaurea cyanus biotypes were conducted in greenhouse conditions. For confirmation of resistance to chlorsulfuron as identified in biological tests, chemical analyses were performed, investigating the influence of different doses of chlorsulfuron on free amino acids content in the aboveground part of susceptible and resistant A. spica-veni and C. cyanus. The analyses were carried out applying the liquid chromatographic method. In the resistant biotypes, increases of valine, leucine plus isoleucine concentrations were observed in comparison with the untreated plants and with those susceptible to chorsulfuron..

Tomczak, B.. 2007. Cornflower - biology, occurrence and control. Ochrona Roślin 52 : 27 - 29.

The cornflower, Centaurea cyanus, is a very common and highly competitive weed of cultivated fields in Poland. This paper gives details of its morphology, occurrence and control. A lengthy list of herbicides for use against cornflower in various crops is provided. Other control measures suggested include mechanical methods and well-planned rotations. It is noted that a biotype resistant to the herbicide chlorsulfuron has been identified in Lower Silesia..

Marczewska, K. ; Rola, H.. 2006. Identification of chlorsulfuron-resistant Apera spica-venti and Centaurea cyanus biotypes and chemical methods of their control in winter wheat. Progress in Plant Protection 46 : 215 - 222.

In Poland, the first reported case of A. spica-venti and C. cyanus species resistant to chlorsulfuron (acetolactae synthase inhibitor) was recorded in 2001 on wheat plantation. Resistance tests of A. spica-venti and C. cyanus biotypes were conducted in a greenhouse by biological tests. Chlorsulfuron was applied at four-leaf stage of development at rates ranging from 11.26 to 360 g/ha. Bioassays showed that the tested biotypes of A. spica-venti and C. cyanus were resistant to chlorsulfuron. The aim of the microplot experiments was to control A. spica-venti and C. cyanus by the herbicides which do not belong to the sulfonylurea group. Izoproturon (1500 g/ha), chlorotoluron (1600 g/ha), tralkoxydim (300 g/ha) and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl [fenoxaprop-P] (82.8 g/ha) were effective in controlling A. spica-venti, whereas 2,4-D (430 g/ha), MCPA (400 g/ha), clopyralid (120 g/ha), izoproturon (750 g/ha) and chlorotoluron (1600 g/ha) were effective in controlling C. cyanus..

Marczewska, K. ; Rola, H.. 2005. Biotypes of Apera spica-venti and Centaurea cyanus resistant to chlorsulfuron in Poland. : .

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